mindmap root((胆敢)) temerity suggests presumptuous boldness arising from rashness and contempt of danger: had the ~ to ask for a favor after that insult. audacity implies a disregard of restraints commonly imposely by convention or prudence: an entrepreneur with ~ and vision. hardihood suggests firmness of purpose in daring and defiance: no serious scientist has the ~ to claim that. effrontery implies shameless and arrogant disregard of propriety or coutesy: had the ~ to tell me how to do my job. nerve an informal equivalent for effrontery, stresses hardihood: the ~ of that guy. cheek also a substitute for effrontery, implies impudent self-assurance: has the ~ to bill herself as a singer. gall is like nerve and cheek but emphasizes insolence: had the ~ to demand some evidence. chutzpah adds to nerve and gall the notion of supreme self-confidence: her ~ got her into the exclusive party.